The type of energy conversion system used to produce electrical power from a geothermal resource depends on the type and quality temperature of the resource. Vapor-dominated resources use conversion systems where the produced steam is expanded directly through a turbine.
Liquid-dominated resources use either flash-steam or binary systems, with the binary conversion system predominately used with the lower temperature resources. When the geothermal resource produces a saturated or superheated vapor, the steam is collected from the production wells and sent to a conventional steam turbine see Fig.
It would be unusual to see superheated steam from the source as it arrives at surface. The stream is most oftern saturated as produced. If the steam at the wellhead is saturated, steps are taken to remove any liquid that is present or forms prior to the steam entering the turbine.
Before the steam enters the turbine, appropriate measures are taken such as steam separators or scubbers upstream of the turbine to remove any liquids or solid debris from the steam flow. Mitigation of corrosive substances contained in the process stream typically removed with treated water washing may be required. Normally, a condensing turbine is used; however, in some instances, a backpressure turbine is used that exhausts steam directly to the ambient. The steam discharges to a condenser where it is condensed at a subatmospheric pressure typically a few inches of Hg.
The condenser shown in Fig. In a barometric condenser, the cooling water is sprayed directly into the steam, with the cooling water and condensate being pumped to a cooling tower where the condensing heat load is rejected to the ambient.
Some plants use surface condensers where the latent heat from the condensing steam is transferred to cooling water being circulated through the condenser tubes. With a surface condenser, the cooling water and condensate are typically pumped to the cooling tower in separate streams.
The steam condensate provides a makeup water source for the evaporative heat rejection system. Any excess condensate, together with the tower blowdown, is injected back into the reservoir.
Hydrothermal resources typically contain varying amounts of dissolved minerals and gases that impact both the design and operation of the energy conversion systems. In power cycles where steam is extracted from the geothermal resource and expanded in a condensing turbine, the cycle design must account for the removal of the noncondensable gases extracted from the resource with the steam.
If not removed, these gases accumulate in the condenser, raising the turbine exhaust pressure and decreasing power output. When hydrogen sulfide is present in the process steam, it also accumulates in the condenser, though a portion partitions or dissolves in the condensate or cooling water. When the hydrogen sulfide levels are sufficiently high so that some abatement process of the condensate or cooling water is required, surface condensers are typically used to minimize the quantity of water that has to be treated.
In addition, the noncondensable gas stream containing hydrogen sulfide must also be treated prior to being released to the atmosphere. In condensation plants, steam condenses at the turbine outlet and cools in conventional cooling towers. The resulting condensate can be used in the power plant cooling system and pressed back into the tray. In this way, the bearing is restored and the required pressure is maintained. In water dominant beds, the technology of evaporative geothermal power plants is applied.
The energy in this case is pressurized water. Since the pressure in the well is generally lower than the pressure in the well, water under pressure in the well flows to the surface. As a result of the pressure drop, a certain portion of the liquid evaporates and the well produces hot water and steam at the same time, with water being the dominant phase. The plant is more complex, more expensive and more demanding in terms of maintenance, but the higher output power generally justifies the installation of such plants.
The binary cycle geothermal power plants, from the point of view of thermodynamics , those closest to thermal power plants that use fossil fuels or nuclear power plants , in which the working fluid is taking a real closed cycle.
The working fluid, selected for its favorable thermodynamic properties , receives heat from the geothermal fluid. Thanks to the laws of thermodynamics , this fluid evaporates, expands in the turbine, condenses and returns to the evaporator through a feed pump.
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